The phrase “que es CDL driver” translates from Spanish to “what is a CDL driver” in English. A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) holder is a professional licensed to operate large, heavy, or specialized motor vehicles. Examples include tractor-trailers, buses, and tank trucks. Obtaining this license requires specialized training and passing both written and skills-based tests demonstrating knowledge of road safety regulations and vehicle operation.
These licensed professionals play a vital role in the economy by transporting goods and people across the country. The safe and efficient movement of commerce relies heavily on their skills and dedication. Historically, the need for standardized licensing arose as interstate commerce expanded, requiring a unified system for regulating drivers and ensuring road safety. This led to the establishment of the CDL system, which continues to evolve to address modern transportation challenges.
This article will further explore various aspects of this profession, including the different CDL classes, the requirements for obtaining and maintaining a license, career paths, and the evolving landscape of the trucking and transportation industry.
1. Professional Truck Driver
The connection between “professional truck driver” and the query “que es CDL driver” is fundamental. “Que es CDL driver,” meaning “what is a CDL driver” in Spanish, directly relates to the profession of a professional truck driver. While not all CDL drivers are specifically truck drivers (they could drive buses, for example), a significant portion of CDL holders operate tractor-trailers in the trucking industry. Therefore, understanding the role of a professional truck driver is essential to understanding what a CDL driver is. A professional truck driver’s responsibilities encompass far more than just driving. They are entrusted with valuable cargo, often navigating complex logistics, adhering to strict deadlines, and ensuring the safety of themselves and others on the road. For example, a truck driver transporting perishable goods across state lines must manage their time efficiently, maintain proper refrigeration, and comply with regulations regarding hours of service to deliver the goods on time and in good condition.
The importance of professional truck drivers within the broader context of CDL drivers cannot be overstated. They form a crucial link in supply chains, ensuring the flow of goods from manufacturers to consumers. Consider the impact of a disruption in the trucking industrystore shelves could empty, manufacturing could halt, and essential supplies might not reach their destinations. This underscores the critical role these professionals play in modern society. Furthermore, the specialized skills and knowledge required to operate large commercial vehicles distinguish professional truck drivers from other drivers. They undergo extensive training to handle these vehicles safely and efficiently, requiring a deep understanding of vehicle mechanics, road safety, and defensive driving techniques. For instance, a truck driver navigating a mountain pass must be adept at handling steep inclines, sharp turns, and changing weather conditions, skills honed through specialized training and experience.
In conclusion, while the term “CDL driver” encompasses a broader range of professional drivers, professional truck drivers represent a significant and vital segment. Understanding their role provides key insights into the significance of CDL drivers in general. Their specialized skills, adherence to regulations, and commitment to safety are essential for the smooth functioning of commerce and the delivery of essential goods and services. The challenges they face, such as long hours, time away from home, and demanding driving conditions, further highlight the importance of recognizing and appreciating their contribution to the economy and society.
2. Holds Specialized License
The phrase “que es CDL driver,” meaning “what is a CDL driver,” directly relates to the possession of a specialized license: the Commercial Driver’s License (CDL). This license is not just a permit; it represents a qualification achieved through specialized training and testing, authorizing the holder to operate vehicles beyond the scope of a regular driver’s license. Understanding the CDL’s significance is crucial to understanding the core of what constitutes a CDL driver.
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Classification System
The CDL system includes different classifications (Class A, B, and C) based on the vehicle’s weight and type. Each class requires specific endorsements for operating specialized vehicles like school buses (S), passenger vehicles (P), or those carrying hazardous materials (H). This classification system ensures that drivers are properly trained and qualified for the specific type of vehicle they operate. A Class A CDL, for example, allows operation of combination vehicles over 26,001 pounds, like tractor-trailers, while a Class C CDL covers smaller vehicles carrying hazardous materials or 16 or more passengers. The specific license class held defines the scope of a driver’s professional capabilities.
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Rigorous Testing and Training
Obtaining a CDL requires passing knowledge and skills tests demonstrating proficiency in vehicle operation and safety regulations. Pre-trip inspections, basic control skills, and on-road driving are evaluated. Specialized training programs are often undertaken to prepare for these tests, covering topics such as defensive driving, cargo securement, and hours-of-service regulations. These rigorous requirements ensure a baseline level of competency and professionalism among CDL holders.
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Responsibility and Accountability
Holding a CDL carries significant responsibility. CDL drivers are held to higher safety standards than regular drivers due to the potential impact of accidents involving large commercial vehicles. Maintaining a clean driving record is crucial for continued employment and maintaining licensure. Traffic violations and accidents can lead to license suspensions or revocations, underscoring the importance of responsible operation.
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Interstate Commerce and Mobility
The CDL system facilitates interstate commerce by establishing consistent licensing standards across different jurisdictions. This allows drivers to transport goods and passengers across state lines without needing separate licenses for each state, streamlining logistics and ensuring the efficient flow of goods and services nationwide. The mobility provided by this standardized system is crucial for the national economy.
In conclusion, the specialized license held by a CDL driver is not merely a credential; it is a symbol of professional training, competency, and responsibility. The various facets of the CDL system, from its classifications and testing procedures to the responsibilities it entails and the interstate mobility it facilitates, all contribute to the essential role CDL drivers play in the economy. The answer to “que es CDL driver” lies significantly within the rigorous standards and implications of holding this specialized license.
3. Operates Commercial Vehicles
The essence of “que es CDL driver,” or “what is a CDL driver,” is inextricably linked to the operation of commercial vehicles. A Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) is specifically designed to authorize individuals to operate vehicles used for commercial purposes. This includes a wide range of vehicles, from heavy trucks transporting goods across state lines to buses carrying passengers within a city. The ability to safely and efficiently operate these vehicles is the defining characteristic of a CDL driver. Without commercial vehicles, the role of a CDL driver ceases to exist. For example, a logistics company relies on CDL drivers operating tractor-trailers to deliver goods to customers. The driver’s skill in maneuvering the truck through traffic, loading and unloading cargo, and complying with traffic laws is crucial for the company’s success.
The type of commercial vehicle operated often dictates the specific CDL class required. Operating a combination vehicle like a tractor-trailer requires a Class A CDL, while a Class B CDL permits operation of single vehicles like straight trucks or buses. This distinction underscores the importance of understanding the connection between the CDL and the specific type of commercial vehicle being operated. Consider a construction company utilizing dump trucks to transport materials to a building site. The drivers must hold a CDL appropriate for the weight and configuration of the dump truck to legally and safely perform their duties. This directly affects the company’s ability to complete projects on time and within budget.
In summary, operating commercial vehicles is not merely a component of being a CDL driver; it is the core function. The ability to handle these specialized vehicles safely and efficiently is what distinguishes CDL drivers from other motorists. The classification system within the CDL framework further reinforces this connection, ensuring drivers are appropriately licensed for the specific type of commercial vehicle they operate. This understanding is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the transportation industry and ensuring the safe and efficient movement of goods and people.
4. Transports Goods/Passengers
The act of transporting goods and passengers is central to understanding the query “que es CDL driver,” which translates to “what is a CDL driver.” A CDL driver’s primary function is the movement of commercial goods or people. This transportation role forms the core purpose of the CDL and distinguishes these professionals from other drivers. The movement of goods forms the backbone of supply chains, delivering essential products to businesses and consumers. Passenger transport, on the other hand, ensures mobility for individuals and communities. Both aspects are critical components of a functioning economy and society. For example, consider the delivery of produce to grocery stores. CDL drivers operating refrigerated trucks ensure fresh fruits and vegetables reach consumers across vast distances, highlighting the direct link between their work and the availability of essential goods. Similarly, bus drivers transporting commuters within a city provide crucial mobility, facilitating access to employment, education, and other essential services. Without CDL drivers fulfilling these transportation roles, supply chains would falter, and access to essential services would be severely limited.
The type of goods or passengers transported often influences the specific requirements and regulations a CDL driver must adhere to. Transporting hazardous materials, for instance, necessitates specialized endorsements and training due to the increased risks involved. Similarly, operating a school bus requires additional certifications and background checks to ensure the safety of young passengers. These specialized requirements underscore the varied nature of CDL driving and the specific expertise required for different transport roles. Consider the transport of medical supplies to hospitals. CDL drivers undertaking this task play a vital role in healthcare delivery, ensuring hospitals have the necessary resources to treat patients. The specialized knowledge required for handling and transporting sensitive medical equipment further emphasizes the importance of these drivers within the healthcare ecosystem.
In conclusion, the transportation of goods and passengers is not merely a task performed by CDL drivers; it is the defining characteristic of their profession. Understanding this connection provides crucial insight into the query “que es CDL driver.” The movement of goods sustains commerce, while the transport of passengers facilitates mobility and access to essential services. The specialized skills and regulations associated with different transport roles further underscore the importance and complexity of CDL driving within the broader context of a functioning economy and society. The challenges faced by these drivers, such as long hours and demanding schedules, highlight the need for recognition and appreciation of their contribution to modern life. Further exploration of specific industry sectors and the evolving landscape of transportation will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the crucial role CDL drivers play.
5. Follows Safety Regulations
Understanding the question “que es CDL driver,” meaning “what is a CDL driver,” necessitates examining the crucial role of safety regulations in their profession. Adherence to these regulations is not merely a suggestion; it is a fundamental requirement that defines the role and responsibilities of a CDL driver. This commitment to safety distinguishes CDL drivers from other motorists and underscores the potential impact of their actions on public safety and the economy. The sheer size and weight of commercial vehicles amplify the consequences of any errors or negligence, making strict adherence to safety protocols paramount. Consider a tanker truck carrying hazardous materials. A single accident could have devastating environmental and public health consequences, highlighting the importance of the driver’s rigorous adherence to safety regulations. Similarly, a bus driver transporting passengers bears the responsibility for their safety, and compliance with regulations governing passenger transport is crucial for preventing accidents and ensuring a secure journey.
The safety regulations governing CDL drivers encompass a broad range of areas, including hours-of-service limitations, vehicle maintenance standards, and cargo securement protocols. Hours-of-service regulations, for example, limit the amount of time a driver can spend behind the wheel to prevent fatigue-related accidents. Regular vehicle maintenance, including inspections and repairs, ensures the safe operation of these complex machines. Proper cargo securement prevents shifting loads that could destabilize the vehicle or cause accidents. These regulations, though seemingly complex, are designed to mitigate risks and protect both the driver and the public. Consider a flatbed truck carrying construction materials. Proper securement of the load is critical to prevent materials from falling onto the roadway and causing accidents. Failure to comply with these regulations can lead to fines, penalties, and even license suspension, underscoring the serious consequences of non-compliance.
In conclusion, adherence to safety regulations is not merely a component of being a CDL driver; it is the foundation upon which the profession is built. This commitment to safety directly addresses the query “que es CDL driver” by highlighting the significant responsibility these professionals bear. The potential consequences of non-compliance underscore the importance of these regulations in protecting both drivers and the public. Understanding the scope and significance of these safety protocols is crucial for appreciating the complexity and importance of CDL driving within the transportation industry. The ongoing development and implementation of new safety technologies and training programs further demonstrate the continuing emphasis on safety within the profession and its evolving landscape.
6. Undergoes Specialized Training
Specialized training forms a cornerstone of the answer to “que es CDL driver,” which translates to “what is a CDL driver.” The operation of commercial vehicles demands a skill set beyond that of a typical motorist. This specialized training is not merely a recommendation but a prerequisite for obtaining a CDL and legally operating these vehicles. The training equips prospective drivers with the knowledge and skills necessary to handle the unique challenges of commercial driving, from maneuvering large vehicles to understanding complex regulations. This directly addresses the core of “what is a CDL driver,” establishing specialized training as a defining characteristic. For example, consider the intricate process of backing a tractor-trailer into a loading dock. This maneuver requires precise control and understanding of spatial relationships, skills honed through dedicated training. Similarly, understanding how to respond to a tire blowout in a fully loaded truck requires specialized knowledge not covered in standard driver’s education.
The specialized training required for CDL drivers encompasses several key areas, including vehicle operation, safety regulations, and cargo handling. Prospective drivers learn pre-trip inspection procedures, ensuring the vehicle is in safe operating condition before each journey. Training covers defensive driving techniques to mitigate risks and react appropriately to hazardous situations. Cargo securement procedures are also emphasized, as improperly secured loads can lead to accidents. This training instills not only operational skills but also a heightened sense of responsibility for public safety. Consider the transportation of hazardous materials. Specialized training ensures drivers understand the specific risks associated with these materials and the procedures for handling them safely in the event of an accident or emergency. This specialized knowledge is critical for protecting both the driver and the public. Similarly, training in passenger transport emphasizes the importance of passenger safety and the specific procedures for handling emergencies, such as evacuations.
In conclusion, the specialized training undertaken by CDL drivers directly addresses the essence of “que es CDL driver.” It establishes the profession as one requiring dedicated preparation and a commitment to safety. The rigorous nature of this training underscores the complexity of operating commercial vehicles and the significant responsibility entrusted to CDL drivers. The ongoing development and refinement of training programs reflect the evolving landscape of the transportation industry and the continued emphasis on safety and professionalism. Challenges such as driver shortages and the increasing complexity of vehicle technology necessitate continuous adaptation and enhancement of training programs to ensure the competence and safety of future generations of CDL drivers.
7. Maintains Driving Record
Maintaining a clean driving record is integral to understanding “que es CDL driver,” or “what is a CDL driver.” A CDL driver’s driving record is not merely a historical document; it is a living testament to their professionalism and commitment to safety. This record holds significant weight in the industry, influencing employment opportunities, insurance rates, and even the ability to retain a CDL. Unlike a typical driver’s license, a CDL carries a higher level of scrutiny due to the inherent risks associated with operating large commercial vehicles. Therefore, maintaining a spotless driving record is not just a best practiceit is a fundamental requirement for professional success and continued licensure within the industry. The importance of this facet directly addresses the core of “what is a CDL driver,” highlighting the responsibility and accountability inherent in the profession.
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Employment Opportunities
A clean driving record is often a primary consideration for employers hiring CDL drivers. Trucking companies and other transportation businesses rely on drivers with demonstrably safe driving habits to protect their assets, maintain their reputation, and minimize insurance costs. A history of accidents or traffic violations can significantly limit employment prospects, even for experienced drivers. For instance, a company specializing in transporting hazardous materials will prioritize applicants with impeccable driving records to mitigate the risks associated with transporting dangerous goods.
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Insurance Rates
Insurance companies heavily weigh driving records when determining premiums for CDL drivers. A driver with a history of accidents or violations is considered a higher risk and will face significantly higher insurance costs, potentially impacting their earning potential and even making them less attractive to potential employers. This economic consequence directly links a driver’s record to their professional viability. For example, independent owner-operators with poor driving records may struggle to secure affordable insurance, potentially jeopardizing their business operations.
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License Status
Serious traffic violations or accidents can lead to suspension or revocation of a CDL. This can effectively end a driver’s career, as operating commercial vehicles without a valid CDL is illegal. Maintaining a clean record is therefore essential not only for professional success but also for maintaining the legal right to work in the industry. For example, accumulating too many points on a CDL due to speeding violations can trigger a license suspension, preventing the driver from operating commercial vehicles until the suspension period ends and potentially requiring them to retake licensing exams.
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Public Perception and Trust
CDL drivers, particularly those transporting passengers or hazardous materials, are entrusted with the safety and well-being of the public. A clean driving record contributes to public trust and confidence in the transportation industry. A history of accidents or violations can erode this trust and negatively impact the public perception of professional drivers. For instance, a school bus company with drivers holding consistently clean records fosters trust among parents and the community, reinforcing the company’s commitment to safety and responsible operation.
In conclusion, maintaining a clean driving record is not merely a peripheral aspect of being a CDL driver; it is a defining characteristic that directly addresses the question “que es CDL driver.” It underscores the level of responsibility and accountability inherent in the profession. A driver’s record is a reflection of their professionalism, influencing employment opportunities, insurance costs, and the ability to retain a license. The emphasis on maintaining a clean record provides further insight into the complex and demanding nature of CDL driving, emphasizing the essential role these professionals play in ensuring public safety and the efficient movement of goods and services. This contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the profession and its significance within the broader transportation industry.
8. Navigates Various Routes
Route navigation is integral to understanding “que es CDL driver,” or “what is a CDL driver.” The ability to navigate diverse routes efficiently and safely is a defining characteristic of this profession. CDL drivers are not simply confined to predictable, repetitive routes; they often encounter unfamiliar roads, varying traffic conditions, and unexpected detours. This necessitates advanced navigational skills, encompassing map reading, GPS utilization, and real-time decision-making. Consider a long-haul trucker transporting goods across multiple states. They must adapt to changing weather patterns, navigate through congested urban areas, and comply with specific route restrictions for commercial vehicles, often requiring dynamic route adjustments and on-the-fly problem-solving. This ability directly addresses the core of “what is a CDL driver,” highlighting the importance of adaptability and navigational proficiency in the profession. A delivery driver operating within a city, while covering a smaller geographical area, faces similar challenges, navigating narrow streets, managing delivery schedules, and contending with unpredictable traffic flow. Effective route navigation directly impacts their ability to complete deliveries on time and maintain customer satisfaction. Therefore, navigating various routes is not merely a task; it is a fundamental skill that separates professional CDL drivers from other motorists.
Practical implications of successful route navigation are numerous. Efficient routing minimizes fuel consumption, reduces delivery times, and optimizes operational efficiency for transportation companies. Furthermore, safe navigation practices enhance public safety by reducing the risk of accidents. Consider a driver transporting oversized cargo. Careful route planning, considering bridge clearances and road restrictions, is crucial for preventing accidents and infrastructure damage. Similarly, a bus driver navigating a mountain road must exercise caution and adhere to specific safety protocols to ensure passenger safety. The ability to navigate various routes effectively has a direct impact on both economic viability and public safety, highlighting the practical significance of this understanding within the context of CDL driving. Technological advancements, such as real-time traffic updates and GPS navigation systems designed specifically for commercial vehicles, play an increasingly important role in assisting drivers with efficient and safe route planning and execution. However, the human element remains crucial, as drivers must interpret information, make informed decisions, and adapt to unforeseen circumstances on the road. This reinforces the ongoing importance of skilled navigation in the profession.
In conclusion, navigating various routes is not a peripheral skill for CDL drivers; it is a core competency that defines the profession and directly addresses the query “que es CDL driver.” The ability to navigate efficiently and safely has significant practical implications, impacting economic efficiency and public safety. The increasing complexity of road networks, coupled with evolving technologies and regulations, requires continuous adaptation and enhancement of navigational skills. Addressing challenges such as driver shortages and the integration of autonomous driving technologies necessitates a renewed focus on training and development in this crucial area. This ensures the continued effectiveness and safety of the transportation industry and reinforces the ongoing importance of skilled navigation in the profession of a CDL driver.
Frequently Asked Questions about CDL Drivers
This section addresses common inquiries regarding the role and responsibilities of Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) holders, providing clarity and dispelling misconceptions.
Question 1: What are the different CDL classes?
Three main CDL classes exist: Class A, B, and C. Class A licenses permit operation of combination vehicles (like tractor-trailers) over 26,001 pounds. Class B licenses are for single vehicles (like box trucks or buses) over 26,001 pounds. Class C licenses cover smaller vehicles carrying hazardous materials or 16+ passengers. Specific endorsements are also required for certain cargo (e.g., hazardous materials, passengers).
Question 2: What are the typical work hours of a CDL driver?
Work hours vary depending on the specific industry and type of driving job. Long-haul truck drivers often spend several weeks on the road, while local delivery drivers may work more regular daytime hours. Federal regulations govern hours of service to prevent driver fatigue, limiting driving time and mandating rest periods.
Question 3: What training is required to obtain a CDL?
Specialized training is essential for obtaining a CDL. Reputable truck driving schools offer comprehensive programs covering vehicle operation, safety regulations, and pre-trip inspections. The training culminates in passing written and skills-based tests administered by the relevant licensing authority. Certain endorsements, such as those for hazardous materials, require additional specialized training.
Question 4: How much do CDL drivers earn?
Compensation varies depending on experience, location, type of cargo hauled, and company. Experienced long-haul drivers specializing in specialized cargo can earn higher salaries than entry-level local delivery drivers. Factors like benefits packages and bonuses also influence overall compensation.
Question 5: What are the challenges faced by CDL drivers?
CDL driving presents various challenges, including long hours, time away from home, demanding driving conditions, and navigating complex regulations. Health concerns related to prolonged sitting and irregular schedules are also common. The industry faces a driver shortage, contributing to increased workload and pressure on existing drivers.
Question 6: How is technology impacting the CDL driving profession?
Technological advancements are transforming the industry. Electronic logging devices (ELDs) now track hours of service, enhancing compliance and safety. GPS and navigation systems optimize routes and improve efficiency. Emerging technologies, such as autonomous driving systems, present both opportunities and challenges for the future of CDL driving.
Understanding the various facets of the CDL driving profession, from licensing requirements and training to the challenges and technological advancements shaping the industry, provides a comprehensive perspective on this essential occupation.
The following sections will delve deeper into specific aspects of the CDL driving profession, offering further insights and analysis.
Essential Tips for Aspiring and Current CDL Drivers
This section offers practical guidance for individuals pursuing or currently working in the commercial driving profession. These tips address key aspects of the career, from pre-licensing preparation to on-the-road best practices, contributing to enhanced safety, efficiency, and professional success.
Tip 1: Thoroughly Research Training Programs: Selecting the right training program is crucial. Investigate program curricula, instructor qualifications, and job placement rates. Hands-on training with experienced instructors and modern equipment should be prioritized. Programs offering specialized endorsements, such as hazardous materials or passenger transport, should align with specific career goals.
Tip 2: Prioritize Safety and Compliance: Safety regulations are paramount. Consistent adherence to hours-of-service rules, pre-trip inspections, and proper cargo securement procedures are essential. Regularly reviewing updated regulations and best practices ensures compliance and minimizes risks. Understanding and adhering to these regulations protects both the driver and the public.
Tip 3: Develop Strong Communication Skills: Effective communication is vital. Clear and concise communication with dispatchers, loading dock personnel, and other drivers is essential for smooth operations and efficient problem-solving. Professional communication fosters positive working relationships and contributes to a safer work environment.
Tip 4: Practice Defensive Driving Techniques: Defensive driving anticipates potential hazards and minimizes risks. Maintaining safe following distances, anticipating other drivers’ actions, and reacting appropriately to challenging road conditions enhance safety and prevent accidents. Consistent practice of these techniques is crucial for navigating unpredictable traffic situations.
Tip 5: Maintain Physical and Mental Well-being: The demanding nature of commercial driving requires attention to physical and mental health. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep combat fatigue and promote overall well-being. Managing stress through relaxation techniques and seeking support when needed contributes to long-term health and career sustainability. Prioritizing well-being enhances on-the-road performance and overall quality of life.
Tip 6: Continuously Update Skills and Knowledge: The transportation industry is constantly evolving. Staying current with new regulations, technologies, and best practices is essential for professional growth. Participating in continuing education courses and seeking opportunities for professional development enhances skills and adaptability within a dynamic industry. Continuous learning contributes to long-term career success.
Tip 7: Network with Other Professionals: Networking within the industry provides valuable insights and support. Connecting with experienced drivers, industry organizations, and mentors offers opportunities for learning, career advancement, and staying informed about industry trends. Building professional relationships strengthens career prospects and provides valuable resources.
By implementing these tips, aspiring and current CDL drivers can enhance their safety, efficiency, and overall career prospects. These practices contribute to a more professional and sustainable career path within the dynamic transportation industry.
This concludes the tips section. The following section will offer final thoughts and insights into the CDL driving profession.
Conclusion
The exploration of “que es CDL driver,” meaning “what is a CDL driver,” reveals a profession demanding specialized skills, rigorous training, and unwavering adherence to safety regulations. From navigating diverse routes and operating complex vehicles to transporting essential goods and passengers, the role of a CDL driver is integral to modern commerce and mobility. The various CDL classifications, licensing requirements, and ongoing training underscore the level of professionalism and responsibility inherent in this demanding occupation. The challenges faced, including long hours and time away from home, highlight the commitment required of these individuals who maintain the vital flow of goods and services across the nation.
The transportation industry faces an evolving landscape of technological advancements and regulatory changes. Autonomous vehicles, alternative fuels, and increasing e-commerce demands will continue to reshape the profession. Addressing the ongoing driver shortage and ensuring the safety and efficiency of the nation’s transportation network requires continued investment in training, infrastructure, and recognition of the crucial role CDL drivers play in the economy. The future of transportation relies on attracting and retaining skilled professionals dedicated to upholding the highest standards of safety and efficiency. This requires not only competitive compensation and improved working conditions but also societal recognition of the essential service provided by these dedicated individuals.
