Venues showcasing films from Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, as well as productions from the United States and other countries featuring Latinx themes and talent, provide a vital cultural space. These spaces might feature films in Spanish, Portuguese, or other languages, often with subtitles. Examples include independent art houses dedicated to foreign films, larger multiplex chains incorporating Latin American cinema into their programming, and even community centers occasionally hosting screenings.
These cinematic spaces offer significant benefits to communities. They provide a platform for underrepresented voices and perspectives, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. They also serve as important community hubs, offering a place for individuals of shared heritage to connect and celebrate their culture. Historically, such venues played a crucial role in disseminating information and fostering social movements, particularly during periods of limited representation in mainstream media.
This exploration into the role and importance of these cultural venues will delve further into topics such as the challenges faced by independent theaters, the evolving landscape of film distribution, and the impact of streaming services on audience engagement. It will also examine the ongoing efforts to preserve and promote Latin American cinema for future generations.
1. Cultural Preservation
Cultural preservation within the context of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema forms a vital link between past, present, and future generations. These spaces offer more than just entertainment; they act as repositories of cultural memory, safeguarding traditions, languages, and artistic expressions from being lost or marginalized. Their existence ensures continued access to narratives reflecting the rich tapestry of Latinx experiences.
-
Language Maintenance:
Films presented in their original language, whether Spanish, Portuguese, or Indigenous languages, contribute significantly to language maintenance. Exposure to these languages within a cultural setting reinforces their value and encourages continued usage, particularly amongst younger generations growing up in multilingual environments. For instance, a child hearing Indigenous dialects spoken on screen strengthens their connection to ancestral heritage.
-
Traditional Practices:
Cinema often portrays traditional practices, from music and dance to culinary customs and artisanal crafts. These depictions serve as a visual record, documenting and preserving aspects of culture that might otherwise fade with time. A film showcasing a traditional weaving technique, for example, can educate audiences and inspire artisans to continue these practices.
-
Historical Narratives:
Films exploring historical events and figures within a Latinx context provide valuable insights into the past, often presenting alternative narratives to dominant historical accounts. These narratives contribute to a more nuanced understanding of history and reclaim ownership over collective memories. Films examining the impact of colonialism, for instance, offer crucial perspectives often overlooked in mainstream historical discourse.
-
Artistic Expression:
Promoting and showcasing diverse forms of artistic expression, including music, literature, and visual arts, is integral to cultural preservation. Films often incorporate these artistic elements, providing a platform for both established and emerging artists, ensuring their work reaches a wider audience and contributes to the ongoing evolution of Latinx artistic traditions. This can include showcasing contemporary music in a film’s soundtrack or featuring the work of local visual artists in set designs.
These interwoven facets of cultural preservation highlight the significance of these venues as dynamic spaces where communities connect with their heritage, learn from the past, and shape their future. They underscore the vital role cinema plays in not just reflecting culture but actively participating in its ongoing preservation and evolution.
2. Community Building
Venues dedicated to Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema function as vital community hubs, fostering connection, dialogue, and shared cultural experiences. These spaces transcend mere entertainment venues, offering opportunities for social interaction and strengthening bonds within the Latinx community and beyond.
-
Shared Cultural Experience:
The collective viewing experience provides a platform for shared emotional responses and fosters a sense of belonging. Watching films reflecting cultural nuances, historical narratives, and shared experiences creates a sense of unity among audience members, reinforcing community identity. For example, a film exploring themes of immigration can resonate deeply with individuals who have shared similar experiences, facilitating understanding and empathy within the community.
-
Intergenerational Connection:
These venues provide spaces where different generations can connect over shared cultural heritage. Older generations can share their stories and perspectives with younger audiences, passing down traditions and values through the medium of film. A film showcasing traditional music, for example, can spark conversations between grandparents and grandchildren, fostering intergenerational understanding and appreciation for cultural heritage.
-
Platform for Dialogue:
Post-film discussions and Q&A sessions offer opportunities for dialogue and critical engagement with the themes presented. These discussions can facilitate deeper understanding of complex social issues, promote critical thinking, and encourage community members to engage in constructive conversations about shared concerns. A film exploring political themes, for instance, can spark a lively debate about current events and their impact on the community.
-
Networking and Collaboration:
These spaces can serve as networking hubs for filmmakers, artists, and community organizers. Film festivals and special events create opportunities for collaboration and the development of new projects, further strengthening the creative ecosystem within the Latinx community. A film festival, for example, can connect emerging filmmakers with established professionals, fostering mentorship and collaborative opportunities.
These facets of community building demonstrate the crucial role these cinematic venues play in fostering stronger, more connected communities. They serve as cultural anchors, offering a sense of belonging, facilitating dialogue, and empowering individuals to engage with their heritage and contribute to the ongoing evolution of Latinx culture.
3. Artistic Expression
Artistic expression finds a crucial platform within venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema. These spaces offer a vital channel for filmmakers, actors, writers, musicians, and other artists to explore complex themes, challenge conventional narratives, and share unique perspectives with a wider audience. This artistic exploration contributes significantly to the richness and diversity of cinematic storytelling.
The impact of artistic expression within these cinematic contexts manifests in several ways. Filmmakers often utilize innovative cinematic techniques, pushing the boundaries of visual storytelling and challenging traditional narrative structures. Actors bring characters to life, embodying the complexities of human experience and giving voice to underrepresented perspectives. Writers craft compelling narratives that explore social issues, historical events, and personal struggles, offering insightful commentary on the human condition. Music plays a vital role, enhancing emotional impact and providing cultural context. For instance, the films of Guillermo del Toro often blend fantastical elements with social commentary, showcasing a unique artistic vision. Similarly, the works of Lucrecia Martel explore complex psychological themes through a distinctly Argentine lens, challenging conventional narrative structures and offering a fresh perspective on cinematic storytelling. The use of music in films like “Buena Vista Social Club” not only enhances the narrative but also serves to preserve and promote traditional Cuban music.
Understanding the role of artistic expression within these venues provides valuable insights into the cultural significance of Latinx cinema. These spaces function as incubators for creative talent, fostering innovation and challenging conventional narratives. They provide a platform for underrepresented voices, ensuring diverse perspectives are heard and contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the human experience. While challenges such as limited funding and distribution constraints persist, the ongoing commitment to artistic expression within these cinematic spaces ensures a vibrant and evolving landscape for Latinx storytelling, enriching global cinema and contributing to a deeper understanding of Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cultures.
4. Language Access
Language access forms a cornerstone of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema. Providing films in their original language, often with subtitles, ensures these stories reach their intended audience, fostering cultural preservation, promoting inclusivity, and facilitating a deeper understanding of diverse narratives. This access directly impacts audience engagement and the broader cultural impact of these films.
Consider the impact of a film like “Roma,” Alfonso Cuarn’s semi-autobiographical drama filmed primarily in Spanish and Mixtec. Its widespread availability with subtitles allowed audiences worldwide to connect with the story’s emotional core, transcending language barriers and offering insights into Mexican culture and history. Conversely, limiting access to dubbed versions would have diminished the film’s authenticity and potentially alienated significant portions of its target audience. Similarly, the availability of Brazilian films like “City of God” with accurate subtitles broadened its international reach, exposing audiences to the complexities of life in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas. This reinforces the importance of language access as a bridge connecting diverse cultures and promoting cross-cultural understanding.
The provision of subtitles and multilingual screenings facilitates wider audience engagement, allowing individuals unfamiliar with Spanish, Portuguese, or other languages spoken in Latin American cinema to access and appreciate these films. This inclusivity strengthens the cultural impact of these venues, fostering cross-cultural dialogue and broadening perspectives. While challenges such as the cost and complexity of subtitling and the limited availability of multilingual screenings persist, the prioritization of language access remains crucial for ensuring that these cinematic spaces fulfill their role as platforms for cultural exchange and understanding. Ultimately, language access empowers diverse audiences to engage authentically with Latinx stories, strengthening the role of these venues as vital cultural hubs.
5. Representation Matters
Authentic representation within film holds profound significance, particularly for marginalized communities. Within the context of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema, “representation matters” transcends mere visibility; it encompasses the accurate, nuanced, and multifaceted portrayal of Latinx identities, experiences, and stories. This directly impacts how audiences perceive Latinx communities and influences the broader cultural landscape.
-
Challenging Stereotypes:
Historically, mainstream media often relegated Latinx characters to stereotypical roles, perpetuating harmful misconceptions. Dedicated cinematic spaces provide a platform to challenge these stereotypes by showcasing the diversity within Latinx communities. Films like “Instructions Not Included” and “Real Women Have Curves” offer nuanced portrayals of Latinx families, moving beyond simplistic representations and presenting complex characters with relatable struggles and triumphs. This challenges audiences to confront preconceived notions and fosters a more nuanced understanding of Latinx identities.
-
Amplifying Authentic Voices:
These venues provide a crucial platform for Latinx filmmakers, writers, and actors to tell their own stories, ensuring authentic narratives are brought to the forefront. Films like “Coco” and “Encanto,” directed and written by Latinx talent, offer culturally rich narratives that resonate deeply with audiences, showcasing the power of authentic voices in shaping compelling and impactful storytelling. This empowers Latinx creatives to control their own narratives, counteracting historical misrepresentation and fostering a sense of ownership over their stories.
-
Promoting Inclusivity:
Showcasing diverse representations within Latinx communities, including Afro-Latinx, Indigenous, and LGBTQ+ identities, fosters inclusivity and challenges the notion of a monolithic Latinx experience. Films like “Embrace of the Serpent” and “Ixcanul,” which center Indigenous narratives and languages, highlight the importance of recognizing the diversity within Latinx communities and providing space for often marginalized voices. This promotes a more inclusive and representative understanding of Latinx identity.
-
Inspiring Future Generations:
Seeing oneself reflected on screen, particularly in positive and empowering roles, can have a profound impact on young audiences. Authentic representation fosters a sense of belonging, encourages self-esteem, and inspires future generations to pursue their dreams. Films like “Stand and Deliver” and “McFarland, USA,” which showcase Latinx students overcoming adversity, serve as powerful examples of how representation can inspire and empower young people to achieve their full potential.
These facets underscore the profound impact of representation within venues dedicated to Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema. By challenging stereotypes, amplifying authentic voices, promoting inclusivity, and inspiring future generations, these spaces contribute significantly to a more just and equitable media landscape. They empower Latinx communities by fostering a sense of pride, belonging, and agency, ultimately shaping a more nuanced and accurate portrayal of Latinx experiences in cinema and beyond.
6. Independent Filmmaking
Independent filmmaking and venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema share a symbiotic relationship. These venues provide essential exhibition platforms for independent films, often bypassing traditional distribution channels that may overlook or marginalize non-mainstream narratives. This relationship fosters artistic innovation, amplifies diverse voices, and contributes significantly to the vibrancy of Latinx cinema. Independent films, often operating outside the constraints of large studio productions, explore complex themes, experiment with narrative structures, and offer unique perspectives often absent in mainstream cinema. Venues dedicated to showcasing Latinx cinema recognize the value of these independent productions, providing them with vital exposure to audiences seeking authentic and thought-provoking stories.
The impact of this connection is evident in the success of films like “El Mariachi,” Robert Rodriguez’s independently produced action film that gained critical acclaim and paved the way for a successful career. Similarly, “Amores Perros,” Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu’s debut feature, gained international recognition through screenings at independent film festivals and art-house cinemas, demonstrating the power of these venues to launch the careers of emerging filmmakers and expose audiences to innovative cinematic storytelling. These venues also champion documentaries like “Icarus,” which expose political corruption, and social dramas like “Aquarius,” which explore themes of gentrification and displacement, offering platforms for independent filmmakers to address pressing social issues and engage in critical dialogue. These real-world examples highlight the crucial role these venues play in supporting independent filmmakers and fostering a vibrant cinematic landscape that prioritizes diverse voices and perspectives.
Understanding the connection between independent filmmaking and these dedicated venues offers crucial insight into the challenges and opportunities facing Latinx cinema. While challenges such as limited funding, distribution constraints, and the increasing dominance of streaming platforms persist, these venues remain vital spaces for independent filmmakers to showcase their work, connect with audiences, and contribute to the ongoing evolution of Latinx cinematic storytelling. Their continued support of independent filmmaking ensures a diverse and vibrant cinematic landscape, offering audiences a window into the complexities of Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cultures and fostering cross-cultural understanding through the power of independent cinema.
7. Cross-cultural dialogue
Venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema play a significant role in fostering cross-cultural dialogue. By presenting diverse narratives and perspectives, these spaces create opportunities for audiences to engage with cultures beyond their own, promoting understanding, empathy, and challenging preconceived notions. This dialogue transcends mere entertainment, contributing to a more interconnected and informed global community.
-
Bridging Cultural Gaps:
Films act as a bridge, connecting audiences with different cultural backgrounds. A film like “Motorcycle Diaries,” depicting Che Guevara’s journey through South America, exposes viewers to the diverse landscapes, cultures, and social realities of the region. This exposure can spark curiosity, leading to further exploration and a deeper appreciation for cultural nuances. Such experiences contribute to breaking down stereotypes and fostering a sense of shared humanity.
-
Promoting Empathy and Understanding:
By presenting stories from diverse perspectives, these venues cultivate empathy and understanding. A film like “A Fantastic Woman,” exploring the experiences of a transgender woman in Chile, challenges viewers to confront their own biases and develop a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by marginalized communities. This empathetic engagement can lead to greater tolerance and acceptance of cultural differences.
-
Facilitating Critical Discussions:
These venues can serve as catalysts for critical discussions on social and political issues. Films like “No,” focusing on the Chilean plebiscite in 1988, provide a historical context for understanding contemporary political landscapes and spark conversations about democracy, human rights, and social change. Post-film discussions and Q&A sessions further facilitate these dialogues, creating opportunities for audiences to engage with complex themes and share diverse perspectives.
-
Challenging Ethnocentrism:
Exposure to diverse narratives challenges ethnocentric viewpoints by presenting alternative ways of understanding the world. Films like “Even the Rain,” exploring the Cochabamba Water War in Bolivia, challenge Western-centric perspectives on resource management and social justice. This exposure encourages audiences to question their own cultural assumptions and develop a more nuanced understanding of global issues.
The fostering of cross-cultural dialogue within these cinematic spaces contributes significantly to building bridges between communities. By promoting empathy, facilitating critical discussions, and challenging ethnocentrism, these venues empower audiences to engage with diverse perspectives and contribute to a more interconnected and understanding global community. The continued showcasing of Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema strengthens the role of these venues as vital spaces for cultural exchange and dialogue, enriching both individual perspectives and collective understanding.
8. Historical Significance
Examining the historical significance of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema reveals their crucial role beyond mere entertainment. These spaces function as repositories of cultural memory, reflecting societal shifts, political struggles, and artistic evolution within Latinx communities. Understanding this historical context provides crucial insights into the enduring relevance of these venues in contemporary society.
-
Documenting Social and Political Change:
Throughout history, cinema has served as a powerful tool for documenting and reflecting social and political change. Latin American cinema, in particular, boasts a rich tradition of films addressing critical social issues, from the Mexican Revolution depicted in films like “Viva Zapata!” to the struggles against dictatorships portrayed in films like “Missing” and “Official Story.” These films offer valuable historical insights, preserving collective memories and providing a platform for understanding the complexities of Latin American history. Venues dedicated to showcasing this cinema play a crucial role in ensuring access to these historical narratives.
-
Preserving Cultural Heritage:
These venues play a vital role in preserving cultural heritage by showcasing films that document traditions, languages, and artistic expressions. Films like “Macario,” a Mexican fantasy drama exploring themes of life and death, and “Gabriela,” a Brazilian romantic drama set in the early 20th century, offer glimpses into cultural practices and social norms of specific historical periods. This preservation ensures that future generations can connect with their heritage and understand the evolution of Latinx cultures.
-
Amplifying Marginalized Voices:
Historically, mainstream media often overlooked or marginalized the voices of Latinx communities. Dedicated cinematic spaces provide a platform for amplifying these voices, showcasing films that challenge dominant narratives and offer alternative perspectives on historical events. Films like “Salt of the Earth,” a landmark film about a miners’ strike in New Mexico led by Mexican-American women, provide a powerful example of how these venues can highlight the struggles and triumphs of marginalized communities, ensuring their stories are not erased from historical accounts.
-
Reflecting Evolving Artistic Trends:
The evolution of Latin American cinema reflects broader artistic trends and technological advancements. From the early silent films of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema to the contemporary works of directors like Alfonso Cuarn and Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu, these venues showcase the diverse artistic expressions within Latinx cinema. This historical perspective allows audiences to appreciate the ongoing innovation and creativity within Latin American filmmaking.
By documenting social and political change, preserving cultural heritage, amplifying marginalized voices, and reflecting evolving artistic trends, venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema offer invaluable insights into the historical experiences of Latinx communities. These spaces transcend mere entertainment, serving as vital cultural institutions that preserve collective memory, promote intercultural dialogue, and ensure that the rich history of Latinx cinema continues to inform and inspire future generations.
9. Entertainment Value
Entertainment value constitutes a significant component of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema. While these spaces serve crucial cultural and social functions, their ability to entertain remains essential for attracting audiences and ensuring their continued viability. This entertainment value derives not solely from escapism, but also from the engaging narratives, compelling characters, and artistic expressions found within Latinx cinema. Examining this aspect reveals a complex interplay between entertainment, education, and cultural preservation. Films like “Instructions Not Included,” a Mexican comedy-drama, demonstrate this interplay, offering both heartwarming entertainment and insights into complex family dynamics and cultural identity. Similarly, the vibrant musicality of films like “Buena Vista Social Club” entertains while simultaneously preserving and promoting traditional Cuban music.
Analyzing the entertainment value offered by these venues requires understanding how it interacts with other crucial aspects. A film’s entertainment value can enhance its educational impact, making it more accessible and engaging for a broader audience. For example, the historical drama “Even the Rain” uses compelling storytelling to explore complex themes of colonialism and indigenous rights, making the historical context more engaging and accessible for viewers. Similarly, the vibrant visuals and captivating music in animated films like “Coco” entertain younger audiences while introducing them to Mexican cultural traditions and beliefs. This demonstrates the potential of entertainment to serve as a gateway to deeper cultural understanding and appreciation.
Recognizing the importance of entertainment value within these venues highlights the multifaceted nature of their contributions to communities. While preserving cultural heritage and promoting cross-cultural dialogue remain paramount, the ability to entertain ensures these spaces remain vibrant and accessible. This understanding allows for strategic programming and community engagement initiatives, fostering broader audience engagement and supporting the continued success of these vital cultural hubs. Balancing entertainment with the educational and cultural aspects ensures these venues continue to thrive, offering diverse and engaging cinematic experiences that entertain, educate, and inspire.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema, aiming to provide clear and informative responses.
Question 1: What distinguishes these venues from mainstream movie theaters?
These venues prioritize films from Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, often including independent productions and films with Latinx themes and talent, which may not receive wide distribution in mainstream cinemas. This focus provides a platform for underrepresented voices and perspectives often absent in mainstream programming.
Question 2: Are all films presented in Spanish?
While Spanish-language films constitute a significant portion of the programming, these venues also showcase films in Portuguese, Indigenous languages, and other languages relevant to Latinx communities, often with subtitles. This multilingual approach reflects the linguistic diversity within these communities.
Question 3: How do these venues support independent filmmakers?
These venues often serve as vital exhibition platforms for independent filmmakers, offering opportunities for distribution and audience engagement that might not be available through mainstream channels. This support fosters artistic innovation and amplifies diverse voices within Latinx cinema.
Question 4: What is the role of these venues in cultural preservation?
By showcasing films that reflect Latinx cultural traditions, languages, and historical narratives, these venues play a crucial role in cultural preservation. This exposure helps maintain cultural identity and transmits heritage to future generations, particularly within diaspora communities.
Question 5: How do these venues contribute to community building?
They serve as cultural hubs, fostering community building by providing spaces for shared cultural experiences, intergenerational connection, and dialogue. Film screenings and related events create opportunities for social interaction and strengthen bonds within Latinx communities.
Question 6: How can one support these venues and the films they showcase?
Supporting these venues requires active engagement, from attending screenings and participating in community events to advocating for their continued funding and promoting their offerings within one’s networks. This support ensures their continued viability as vital cultural spaces.
Understanding these aspects clarifies the significant role these venues play in promoting Latinx cinema, preserving cultural heritage, and fostering community engagement. Their continued success relies on audience support and recognition of their value within the broader cultural landscape.
Further exploration will delve into specific examples of successful venues, highlighting their programming, community initiatives, and contributions to the vibrant world of Latinx cinema.
Discovering Latin American Cinema
These tips offer guidance for exploring and appreciating films from Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, encompassing diverse genres, historical periods, and cultural perspectives.
Tip 1: Explore Beyond Blockbusters: Seek independent films and documentaries. These often offer more nuanced portrayals of Latinx cultures and social realities than mainstream productions. Consider exploring works by directors like Ciro Guerra (Colombia), Pablo Larran (Chile), or Kleber Mendona Filho (Brazil).
Tip 2: Utilize Streaming Platforms and Cultural Institutions: Streaming services offer access to a growing library of Latin American films. Cultural institutions, such as museums and art-house cinemas, often host screenings and film festivals showcasing diverse Latinx cinema.
Tip 3: Engage with Subtitles: Embrace subtitles as a gateway to experiencing films in their original language. This enhances authenticity and preserves the nuances of dialogue and cultural expression.
Tip 4: Diversify Viewing Habits: Explore films from different Latin American countries and historical periods. This provides a broader understanding of the diverse cinematic traditions and historical experiences across the region. Consider comparing films from the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema with contemporary Argentine cinema.
Tip 5: Seek Critically Acclaimed Works: Explore award-winning films and directors. Awards like the Ariel Award (Mexico), the Goya Award (Spain), and recognition at international film festivals can guide viewers toward high-quality cinematic experiences. Research films that have received critical acclaim at the Cannes Film Festival or the Berlin International Film Festival.
Tip 6: Attend Film Festivals and Cultural Events: Film festivals provide opportunities to discover new films, engage with filmmakers, and experience the vibrancy of Latinx cinema within a community setting. Check local listings for Latin American film festivals and related cultural events.
Tip 7: Research Filmmakers and Themes: Investigate the work of specific directors, actors, and writers to gain a deeper understanding of their artistic styles and the themes they explore. Research the filmography of a director like Lucrecia Martel (Argentina) or the work of screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga (Mexico).
These strategies empower individuals to navigate the rich landscape of Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema, fostering deeper appreciation for its artistic contributions and cultural significance.
By following these suggestions, one can embark on a rewarding cinematic journey, discovering compelling narratives, diverse perspectives, and the rich artistic tapestry of Latinx storytelling.
The Enduring Importance of Cinema Latino Movie Theaters
Exploration of venues showcasing Latin American, Spanish, and Portuguese cinema reveals their multifaceted significance. These spaces function as vital cultural hubs, preserving and promoting cinematic traditions, fostering community building, and amplifying diverse voices often marginalized in mainstream media. From safeguarding linguistic diversity to showcasing independent filmmaking, these venues play a crucial role in shaping cultural narratives and promoting cross-cultural understanding. Their historical significance underscores their enduring relevance in documenting social and political change, preserving cultural heritage, and reflecting the evolving artistic landscape of Latinx communities. Furthermore, the entertainment value offered by these venues ensures their accessibility and continued engagement with audiences.
The continued vibrancy of these cinematic spaces relies on active audience engagement and support. Recognizing their crucial role in cultural preservation, community building, and promoting diverse narratives ensures their enduring contribution to the cinematic landscape. Championing these venues safeguards not only the rich tapestry of Latinx storytelling but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the power of cinema to connect communities, challenge perspectives, and inspire positive change.
