An outdoor cinema located in Guthrie offers patrons the opportunity to view films from the comfort of their vehicles. This form of entertainment typically features a large screen, projection equipment, and concessions, providing a nostalgic and unique movie-going experience. Often, these venues offer double features, allowing viewers to enjoy two films for one price.
Outdoor cinematic experiences in this Oklahoma town contribute to the local economy, provide family-friendly entertainment options, and preserve a classic American pastime. Historically, these venues emerged as a popular form of entertainment during the mid-20th century, offering a unique blend of affordability and convenience. Today, they offer a sense of community and nostalgia, appealing to a wide range of audiences seeking a distinctive entertainment experience.
This article will further explore the specific offerings and historical significance of Guthrie’s open-air cinema, including details on current film schedules, special events, and the venue’s contribution to the local community’s cultural landscape.
1. Nostalgia
Nostalgia plays a significant role in the enduring appeal of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience. It evokes a sense of simpler times, harkening back to the mid-20th century when drive-ins represented a popular form of family entertainment. This nostalgic connection contributes to the drive-in’s continued relevance in a modern entertainment landscape dominated by multiplex cinemas and streaming services. The experience taps into collective cultural memories, offering a tangible link to the past through the preserved tradition of outdoor film viewing. This connection resonates with individuals seeking a reprieve from contemporary entertainment forms, fostering a sense of community and shared experience rooted in the past. For example, families may recreate traditions from older generations, fostering intergenerational connections through a shared activity.
The drive-in’s nostalgic appeal extends beyond the film itself. The ritual of packing snacks, loading the car, and settling in under the stars contributes to the overall experience. These familiar activities, often associated with childhood memories or stories from older generations, amplify the sense of nostalgia. The drive-in environment, with its distinctive large screen and open-air setting, further reinforces this connection to the past, offering a unique sensory experience unavailable in traditional indoor theaters. This distinct atmosphere contributes to the lasting impression and emotional resonance associated with the drive-in experience. This tangible connection to the past fosters a unique sense of community, uniting individuals through a shared appreciation for a bygone era.
Understanding the power of nostalgia in the context of the Guthrie drive-in experience provides valuable insight into its sustained popularity. It highlights the importance of preserving cultural traditions and the emotional connection audiences forge with these experiences. While modern entertainment options abound, the drive-in offers something unique: a tangible link to the past, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Recognizing this nostalgic appeal allows for a deeper appreciation of the drive-in’s significance within the broader cultural landscape and its enduring appeal across generations. This understanding reinforces the drive-in’s value not just as a form of entertainment, but as a cultural touchstone.
2. Community
The Guthrie drive-in movie experience fosters a unique sense of community, extending beyond the shared activity of film viewing. This communal aspect distinguishes it from other entertainment options and contributes significantly to its enduring appeal. The following facets illustrate how the drive-in strengthens community bonds and creates a shared social experience.
-
Shared Public Space
Drive-ins function as a shared public space, offering a venue for social interaction and collective engagement. Unlike traditional indoor cinemas, the outdoor setting encourages interaction before, during, and after film screenings. Families and friends often arrive early to set up their viewing areas, creating a tailgating atmosphere conducive to socializing. This shared experience transforms the act of movie-going into a communal event, fostering a sense of belonging and collective enjoyment.
-
Local Business Support
Patronizing the local drive-in directly supports the Guthrie community. Revenue generated contributes to the local economy, supporting jobs and local businesses. This economic contribution strengthens the community’s financial well-being and underscores the drive-in’s role as a vital community asset. This direct investment in the local economy fosters a sense of shared ownership and reinforces the drive-in’s importance within the community.
-
Intergenerational Connections
Drive-ins bridge generational gaps, providing a shared experience for families and individuals of all ages. The nostalgic appeal resonates with older generations, while the unique outdoor setting attracts younger audiences. This intergenerational interaction creates opportunities for shared experiences and strengthens family bonds. The drive-in becomes a space where different generations can connect through a shared activity, fostering a sense of community continuity.
-
Event-Driven Gatherings
Beyond regular film screenings, drive-ins can host community events, further solidifying their role as community hubs. Special events, such as holiday-themed screenings or classic film marathons, draw larger crowds and create opportunities for increased social interaction. These events foster a sense of collective identity and reinforce the drive-in’s role as a central gathering place for the community. This function strengthens community bonds and contributes to a vibrant local culture.
These facets illustrate how the Guthrie drive-in functions as more than just a place to watch movies; it serves as a vital community hub, fostering social interaction, supporting the local economy, and bridging generational divides. This communal aspect contributes significantly to its enduring appeal and underscores its importance within the broader cultural landscape of Guthrie. The drive-in strengthens community bonds and provides a shared space for collective enjoyment, enriching the lives of residents and contributing to a vibrant and interconnected community.
3. Affordability
Affordability represents a key factor contributing to the enduring popularity of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience. In an era of rising entertainment costs, the drive-in offers a budget-friendly alternative to traditional indoor cinemas, making it an attractive option for families and individuals seeking cost-effective entertainment. Exploring the various facets of affordability within the context of the drive-in experience reveals its significance in attracting a diverse audience and contributing to its sustained success.
-
Cost per Person
Drive-ins often charge per car rather than per person, significantly reducing the cost for families and groups. This pricing structure allows larger groups to enjoy a movie outing at a fraction of the price compared to purchasing individual tickets at a traditional cinema. This cost-effectiveness makes the drive-in an attractive option for budget-conscious families and groups.
-
Concessions Flexibility
Many drive-ins allow patrons to bring their own food and beverages, further reducing the overall cost of the experience. This flexibility eliminates the often-inflated prices of concession stands at traditional theaters. This allowance represents substantial savings, particularly for families with children. The ability to tailor refreshments to individual preferences also enhances the overall enjoyment of the experience.
-
Double Features
The frequent offering of double features provides additional value, essentially offering two movies for the price of one. This bundled entertainment increases the value proposition and extends the duration of the entertainment experience. This cost-effective approach makes the drive-in an appealing option for those seeking extended entertainment at a reasonable price.
-
Accessibility for Lower-Income Families
The affordability of the drive-in makes cinematic experiences accessible to lower-income families who might otherwise be priced out of traditional movie theaters. This accessibility expands access to entertainment and leisure activities, contributing to a more inclusive and equitable community experience. The drive-in’s affordability plays a crucial role in ensuring that entertainment remains accessible to a broader range of socioeconomic backgrounds.
These facets of affordability demonstrate how the Guthrie drive-in offers a viable and cost-effective entertainment option for a diverse audience. By offering competitive pricing structures, flexible concession policies, and value-added features like double features, the drive-in remains an attractive and accessible form of entertainment in a market often dominated by higher-priced alternatives. This commitment to affordability contributes significantly to its enduring appeal and positions the drive-in as a valuable community asset accessible to a wide range of individuals and families.
4. Outdoor Setting
The outdoor setting forms an integral part of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience, distinguishing it significantly from traditional indoor cinemas. This open-air environment contributes to the unique atmosphere and overall appeal of the drive-in, influencing everything from the viewing experience to the social dynamics. Examining the various facets of the outdoor setting reveals its crucial role in shaping the distinct character of the Guthrie drive-in.
-
Connection with Nature
The open-air environment allows patrons to connect with nature while enjoying a film. Under the vast expanse of the night sky, surrounded by the sounds of nature, the viewing experience transcends the confines of a traditional theater. This immersion in the natural world enhances the sense of freedom and escape, offering a unique sensory experience unavailable indoors. The interplay of natural elements, such as a gentle breeze or the chirping of crickets, adds an unexpected dimension to the film viewing, creating a more immersive and memorable experience.
-
Ambient Atmosphere
The outdoor setting creates a distinctive ambient atmosphere, contributing to the overall charm and nostalgia of the drive-in. The twilight sky, the glow of the concession stand, and the silhouettes of cars create a unique visual tableau. This ambiance fosters a sense of community and shared experience, distinguishing the drive-in from the often-isolated experience of indoor cinemas. The combination of natural and artificial lighting elements contributes to a unique visual landscape, enhancing the nostalgic and communal aspects of the drive-in experience.
-
Flexibility and Comfort
The outdoor setting allows for greater flexibility and comfort. Patrons can adjust their seating arrangements within their vehicles, bringing blankets, pillows, and other comfort items to personalize their viewing space. This freedom of movement and customization enhances the sense of relaxation and casual enjoyment. Unlike the fixed seating of traditional theaters, the drive-in allows for a more personalized and comfortable viewing experience, catering to individual preferences and needs.
-
Weather Dependency
While the outdoor setting offers numerous benefits, it also introduces the element of weather dependency. Rain or extreme temperatures can impact the viewing experience, and screenings may be canceled or postponed due to inclement weather. This reliance on favorable weather conditions adds an element of unpredictability to the drive-in experience, requiring patrons to be mindful of weather forecasts and prepared for potential changes. This inherent variability distinguishes the drive-in from the climate-controlled environment of indoor theaters and contributes to its unique character.
These facets highlight the integral role of the outdoor setting in shaping the Guthrie drive-in movie experience. The connection with nature, the unique ambient atmosphere, and the flexibility it offers contribute significantly to the drive-in’s enduring appeal. While weather dependency introduces an element of unpredictability, it also adds to the unique charm and character of the drive-in experience, setting it apart from conventional indoor cinemas and solidifying its position as a distinctive and cherished form of entertainment. This blend of natural elements and human interaction creates a dynamic and memorable experience that continues to attract audiences seeking a distinctive and engaging form of entertainment.
5. Family-friendly
The family-friendly nature of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience represents a significant aspect of its appeal and contributes to its enduring popularity. Several factors converge to create an environment conducive to families, fostering a welcoming atmosphere for children and adults alike. This emphasis on family entertainment distinguishes the drive-in from other entertainment options and reinforces its role as a community hub.
The controlled environment offers parents a level of supervision and security often unavailable in crowded public spaces. Children can move around more freely within the confines of their vehicle or designated viewing area, allowing for a less restrictive and more relaxed experience compared to the confined seating of traditional indoor theaters. This freedom of movement reduces restlessness and allows children to enjoy the film at their own pace. The ability to bring personal comfort items, like blankets and pillows, further enhances the experience for younger viewers, creating a cozy and familiar atmosphere. Furthermore, the outdoor setting provides opportunities for pre-movie activities, such as playing games or enjoying a picnic dinner, transforming the film viewing into a comprehensive family outing. For example, families often arrive early to set up their viewing area and enjoy the pre-show atmosphere, creating a tailgating-like experience that adds to the overall enjoyment.
The affordability of the drive-in further strengthens its family-friendly appeal. The cost-effectiveness, especially for larger families, removes a significant barrier to enjoying a night out at the movies. The option to bring outside food and beverages not only reduces costs but also caters to dietary restrictions and preferences, simplifying meal planning for families with picky eaters or specific dietary needs. This flexibility contributes to a stress-free and enjoyable experience for parents and children alike. The ability to control the audio volume within the car also caters to families with younger children sensitive to loud noises, allowing for a more comfortable and personalized viewing experience. This consideration for diverse needs underscores the drive-in’s commitment to creating a truly family-friendly environment. Ultimately, the Guthrie drive-in offers a unique blend of affordability, flexibility, and a welcoming atmosphere, solidifying its position as a premier family entertainment destination within the community.
6. Double Features
Double features represent a cornerstone of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience, contributing significantly to its enduring appeal and historical significance. Offering two films for the price of one provides substantial value and extends the entertainment experience, distinguishing the drive-in from conventional single-feature cinema presentations. This practice has historical roots in the drive-in’s heyday, reflecting a bygone era of entertainment value and contributing to the nostalgic charm associated with these venues.
The impact of double features on the Guthrie drive-in extends beyond mere economic value. Programming choices often reflect a deliberate curation, pairing films thematically or by genre, creating a cohesive and extended entertainment experience. For example, a classic horror film might be paired with a contemporary horror release, offering audiences a comparative viewing experience. Alternatively, a family-friendly animated feature might be followed by a more adult-oriented action film, catering to diverse age groups within the family. This strategic programming enhances the overall value proposition and caters to a wider audience, maximizing the entertainment potential of the double feature format. Historically, double features served to draw larger audiences, particularly during periods of economic downturn, solidifying the drive-in’s position as an affordable and accessible entertainment option.
Understanding the significance of double features within the context of the Guthrie drive-in experience provides crucial insight into its historical and cultural relevance. This practice contributes to the drive-in’s unique identity, differentiating it from other cinematic venues and reinforcing its nostalgic appeal. While the practice of double features has declined in mainstream cinemas, it remains a defining characteristic of the drive-in experience, contributing to its enduring popularity and preserving a unique aspect of cinematic history. The continued offering of double features underscores the Guthrie drive-in’s commitment to providing affordable, family-friendly entertainment while simultaneously preserving a cherished tradition of cinematic exhibition. This dedication to value and tradition positions the drive-in as a unique and valuable cultural asset within the community.
7. Local Business
The Guthrie drive-in movie theater operates as a local business, deeply embedded within the community’s economic and social fabric. This local ownership and operation distinguish it from larger, corporate-owned entertainment chains, impacting its role within the community and its relationship with local residents. Supporting the drive-in directly benefits the local economy, contributing to job creation and revenue generation within Guthrie. Purchases made at the concession stand, ticket sales, and other revenue streams contribute to the local tax base and support local suppliers and vendors. This economic activity strengthens the community’s financial well-being and reinforces the drive-in’s importance as a local employer and contributor to the communitys economic health. For example, the drive-in might source its concessions from local bakeries or food suppliers, creating a ripple effect of economic activity within the community.
Beyond its direct economic impact, the drive-in functions as a community gathering space, fostering social interaction and contributing to the town’s cultural identity. It serves as a venue for local events, fundraisers, and community gatherings, strengthening social bonds and promoting civic engagement. This social function reinforces the drive-in’s role as a community hub, extending its influence beyond mere entertainment. The drive-ins presence can also attract tourism and outside spending, further boosting the local economy. Visitors from surrounding areas may patronize other local businesses, such as restaurants and shops, before or after attending a film screening, generating additional economic activity within the community. This ripple effect highlights the drive-ins broader impact on the local economic ecosystem.
Understanding the connection between the drive-in and its local business status provides crucial insight into its sustained success and community impact. Supporting the drive-in represents an investment in the local community, contributing to economic stability, fostering social connections, and preserving a unique cultural asset. Challenges such as competition from larger entertainment chains and changing consumer habits underscore the importance of community support in ensuring the drive-ins continued viability. Recognizing the interconnectedness of the drive-in and the local economy reinforces its importance as more than just a business; it represents a vital component of Guthrie’s cultural landscape and community identity. Sustaining the drive-in safeguards not only a cherished form of entertainment but also a valuable community asset, contributing to the overall health and vibrancy of Guthrie.
8. Unique Experience
The Guthrie drive-in movie theater offers a distinctive entertainment experience, setting it apart from conventional cinema and other leisure activities. This unique character stems from a combination of factors, including the outdoor setting, the nostalgic atmosphere, and the communal aspect of the experience. Understanding these contributing elements provides valuable insight into the enduring appeal of the drive-in and its continued relevance in a constantly evolving entertainment landscape.
-
Nostalgic Immersion
The drive-in experience evokes a sense of nostalgia, transporting patrons to a bygone era of entertainment. From the classic films often screened to the vintage feel of the venue itself, the drive-in immerses viewers in a nostalgic atmosphere. This immersion provides a unique connection to cinematic history and offers a welcome contrast to the modern multiplex experience. For example, seeing a classic film under the stars on a large outdoor screen replicates the viewing experience of previous generations, adding a layer of historical appreciation to the entertainment.
-
Personalized Comfort and Freedom
Unlike traditional cinemas with fixed seating and strict regulations, the drive-in allows for personalized comfort and freedom. Patrons can adjust their seating within their vehicles, bring blankets and pillows, and control the audio volume. This flexibility enhances the viewing experience, particularly for families with young children. This level of customization distinguishes the drive-in from the often-regimented experience of indoor theaters, offering a more relaxed and personalized approach to film viewing.
-
Communal Atmosphere and Social Interaction
The drive-in fosters a unique sense of community, encouraging social interaction before, during, and after film screenings. The outdoor setting creates a shared public space where families and friends can gather and socialize, transforming the movie-going experience into a communal event. This social aspect distinguishes the drive-in from the often-isolated experience of indoor cinema, creating a more interactive and engaging atmosphere. The shared experience of watching a film under the stars fosters a sense of camaraderie and collective enjoyment.
-
Multi-Sensory Engagement
The drive-in engages multiple senses, creating a more immersive and memorable experience. The open-air environment introduces natural elements, such as the night sky and ambient sounds, into the viewing experience. The smell of popcorn and the distant sounds of other moviegoers contribute to the unique sensory landscape. This multi-sensory engagement distinguishes the drive-in from the controlled environment of indoor theaters, offering a more visceral and engaging experience. For instance, the crisp night air and the scent of freshly cut grass can enhance the viewing experience, adding an element of natural immersion unavailable indoors.
These facets converge to create a unique and memorable entertainment experience at the Guthrie drive-in. The blend of nostalgia, personalized comfort, communal atmosphere, and multi-sensory engagement distinguishes it from other entertainment options, solidifying its position as a cherished and unique cultural institution within the community. The drive-in offers more than just a movie; it provides an immersive and engaging experience that resonates with audiences seeking a distinctive and memorable form of entertainment.
9. Historic Charm
Historic charm constitutes a significant element of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience, contributing to its enduring appeal and distinguishing it from contemporary entertainment venues. This charm stems from the drive-in’s historical context, its architectural features, and its connection to a bygone era of entertainment. Exploring the facets of this historic charm provides valuable insight into the drive-in’s cultural significance and its enduring appeal to audiences seeking a unique and nostalgic experience.
-
Architectural Nostalgia
The physical structure of the Guthrie drive-in, including the large screen, the concession stand, and the arrangement of parking spaces, often reflects architectural styles prevalent during the drive-in’s heyday in the mid-20th century. These architectural elements evoke a sense of nostalgia, transporting patrons back in time and contributing to the drive-in’s unique ambiance. The preservation of these original features enhances the historical authenticity of the experience and reinforces the drive-in’s connection to the past. For example, a vintage marquee or neon signage can contribute significantly to the overall historic charm and visual appeal of the venue.
-
Cultural Significance
Drive-ins hold a unique place in American cultural history, representing a specific era of entertainment and social interaction. The Guthrie drive-in, as a surviving example of this historical form of entertainment, embodies this cultural significance. Its continued operation serves as a tangible link to the past, offering contemporary audiences a glimpse into a bygone era of leisure and community engagement. The drive-in’s historical context adds a layer of cultural meaning to the experience, enriching the entertainment value and fostering a sense of connection to the past. For instance, the drive-in might have served as a community gathering space for decades, hosting special events and contributing to local traditions.
-
Operational Traditions
Certain operational traditions associated with drive-ins, such as the use of in-car speakers or the presentation of double features, contribute to the historic charm. These practices, often discontinued in modern cinemas, evoke a sense of nostalgia and authenticity, reinforcing the drive-in’s connection to its historical roots. Maintaining these traditions enhances the overall experience, providing a glimpse into the past and distinguishing the drive-in from contemporary entertainment venues. For example, the continued use of original in-car speakers, even alongside modern audio transmission technologies, can enhance the nostalgic appeal of the drive-in experience.
-
Community Memory and Legacy
The Guthrie drive-in likely holds a significant place in the community’s collective memory, serving as a backdrop for generations of shared experiences. Local residents may have personal memories associated with the venue, from childhood outings to family traditions. This collective memory contributes to the drive-in’s historic charm and reinforces its importance as a community landmark. The drive-in becomes more than just a place to watch movies; it represents a shared history and a tangible link to the community’s past. This legacy contributes to the drive-in’s enduring appeal and underscores its importance within the community’s cultural fabric.
These facets of historic charm intertwine to create a unique and compelling experience at the Guthrie drive-in. This historical context enriches the entertainment value, fostering a deeper appreciation for the venue’s cultural significance and its enduring appeal within the community. Preserving this historic charm ensures the drive-in’s continued relevance and strengthens its position as a cherished community asset, offering a distinctive and nostalgic entertainment experience that transcends generations. By understanding and appreciating this historic charm, audiences gain a deeper understanding of the drive-in’s unique contribution to the cultural landscape and its enduring legacy within the community.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding the Guthrie drive-in movie experience. Information provided aims to offer clarity and enhance visitor understanding.
Question 1: What are the typical operating hours?
Operating hours vary seasonally and are subject to change. Consulting the official website or contacting the venue directly provides the most accurate schedule information.
Question 2: Are outside food and beverages permitted?
Policies regarding outside food and beverages may vary. While some drive-ins permit outside food and drinks, others may restrict them to encourage concession stand sales. Checking the venue’s specific policy beforehand is advised.
Question 3: What is the cost of admission?
Admission fees typically vary based on vehicle occupancy or per-person rates. Current pricing information is available on the venue’s website or by contacting the drive-in directly. Special event pricing may differ from standard admission fees.
Question 4: What audio options are available?
Modern drive-ins generally transmit audio via FM radio. Specific frequency information is typically provided upon arrival. Some venues may still maintain traditional in-car speakers for a nostalgic experience, but their availability varies.
Question 5: What happens in case of inclement weather?
Screenings may be canceled or postponed due to inclement weather conditions. Checking the venue’s website or contacting them directly before arrival is recommended during uncertain weather conditions. Refund or ticket exchange policies related to weather cancellations are typically available on the venue’s website.
Question 6: Are pets allowed at the drive-in?
Pet policies vary by venue. Some drive-ins welcome well-behaved pets, while others may restrict them. Confirming the venue’s specific pet policy before arrival is recommended to avoid any inconvenience.
Reviewing these frequently asked questions offers valuable insights and prepares potential visitors for the Guthrie drive-in movie experience. Directly contacting the venue remains the best approach for specific or time-sensitive information.
The following section will explore upcoming screenings and special events at the Guthrie drive-in.
Tips for an Enhanced Drive-In Experience
Careful planning enhances the drive-in movie experience. These tips ensure a comfortable and enjoyable visit to the Guthrie drive-in.
Tip 1: Arrive Early
Arriving early secures a favorable viewing position and allows ample time for parking and settling in before the show begins. This also provides an opportunity to explore the concession stand and familiarize oneself with the venue’s layout.
Tip 2: Check the Weather Forecast
Outdoor screenings are weather-dependent. Checking the forecast and dressing accordingly ensures a comfortable viewing experience. Bringing blankets or extra layers provides warmth during cooler evenings.
Tip 3: Optimize Vehicle Arrangement
Adjusting seating arrangements before the film begins maximizes viewing comfort. Hatchbacks or SUVs offer versatile seating options. Bringing pillows or cushions enhances comfort during extended viewings.
Tip 4: Radio Check
Confirming proper radio functionality ensures clear audio reception during the film. Bringing portable radios with fresh batteries provides a backup option if the car’s radio malfunctions. Testing the radio before the film starts avoids potential disruptions.
Tip 5: Bug Repellent
Outdoor environments may necessitate insect repellent. Applying bug spray before arrival minimizes disruptions during the film and enhances overall comfort.
Tip 6: Consider Concessions
Concession stands offer classic movie snacks and refreshments. Reviewing menu options and budgeting accordingly streamlines the ordering process and minimizes wait times. Bringing cash can expedite transactions, particularly if card payment options are limited.
Tip 7: Respect Neighboring Vehicles
Maintaining a reasonable noise level and refraining from excessive light usage ensures a pleasant viewing experience for everyone. Minimizing distractions contributes to a positive and respectful communal environment.
Following these tips enhances the drive-in movie experience, ensuring a comfortable and enjoyable evening. Preparation contributes significantly to a positive and memorable visit.
The subsequent concluding remarks summarize the key takeaways and benefits of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience.
Conclusion
This exploration of the Guthrie drive-in movie experience has highlighted its multifaceted appeal, encompassing nostalgia, community engagement, affordability, and a unique entertainment format. The outdoor setting, family-friendly atmosphere, and traditional double features contribute to a distinctive cinematic experience unavailable in conventional theaters. The drive-in’s status as a local business underscores its economic and social significance within the community. Its historical charm further enriches the experience, connecting audiences to a bygone era of entertainment.
The Guthrie drive-in represents more than just a movie theater; it functions as a vital community hub, a cultural landmark, and a testament to the enduring appeal of outdoor cinematic entertainment. Continued patronage and community support ensure the preservation of this unique cultural institution, allowing future generations to experience the distinctive charm and communal enjoyment of the drive-in movie tradition. The drive-in’s survival hinges on community recognition of its value, not only as a form of entertainment but as a contributor to local economic vitality and social cohesion.